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In 1994, Samuel Pfeifer found that out of a sample of 343 psychiatric patients in Switzerland that described themselves as religious, 129 (37.6 %) believed that their mental distress could be caused by possession of evils spirits. Almond, Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England: Contemporary Texts and Their Cultural Contexts (Cambridge, 2004).)| false

Johann Joseph Gassner and the Demons of Eighteenth-Century Germany (New Haven and London, 2005) Hilaire Kallen­dorf, Exorcism and Its Texts: Subjectivity in Early Modern Literature of England and Spain (Toronto, 2003) Philip C. Other recent studies that deal with demonic possession in later periods don’t include gender issues as the primary concern, see Midelfort, A History of Madness idem, Exorcism and Enlightenment. Francis mention an equal number of male and female demoniacs, she states that it possessedness was mainly a female condition, following Caciola’s work, see Chave-Mahir, Une parole, 313. Even though Chave-Mahir admits that the legends of the life of St. See Barbara Newman, “Possessed by the Spirit: Devout Women, Demoniacs, and the Apostolic Life in the Thirteenth Century,” Speculum 73 ( 1998), 733–770 Caciola, Discerning Spirits Sarah Ferber, Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France (London, 2004) and Sluhovsky, Believe not Every Spirit.

Almond, Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England: Contemporary Texts and Their Cultural Contexts (Cambridge, 2004).

See Barbara Newman, “Possessed by the Spirit: Devout Women, Demoniacs, and the Apostolic Life in the Thirteenth Century,” Speculum 73 ( 1998 ), 733–770 Caciola, Discerning Spirits Sarah Ferber, Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France (London, 2004) and Sluhovsky, Believe not Every Spirit.